LMS

Collagen and actin are fibrous in nature but actin is found in muscles only.

Chondrocytes are considered as living cells of cartilage.

Tendons are meant to connect bones with muscles.

Bones are reservoirs of minerals like calcium and phosphate.

Bones must in close contact with each other.

Tibia is a bone of lower leg and it forms knee with femur.

Tibia forms joint with femur, that allows 180-degree movement.

This joint must articulate with closely placed bones.

Involuntary and non-striated muscles are found in walls of ureters.

Invertebrates have most primitive type of muscles, with no striations.

Voluntarily controlled muscles having regular striations are also multinucleated and unbranched.

Cardiac muscles are evolved at the end, right after skeletal muscles.

In order to provide maximum degree movement at least 2 pairs of muscles should attach.

Fibrous structure encapsulates a fluid to provide cushion or protection whereas ligaments are meant for the attachment of bone with bone.

Dark band is a little bright in the middle where only thick filaments are present

Covering of muscle bundle is perimysium and that of muscle is epimysium.

Haemoglobin is red in colour but it is present in RBC’s.

The degree of muscle contraction depends upon the number of muscle cells that participated during the process of muscle contraction.

Sliding requires one participant to stay static while the other has to slide (I band).

No energy is required to establish cross bridges however ATP is required to break the cross bridges.

Hyperplasia is in evident in muscles after exercise.

During exercise the oxygen requirement of muscles increases which is fulfilled by the dissociation of HbO2. More CO2 is liberated, and increased utilization of ATP produces heat which raises temperature.

Muscular activity upgrades muscle tone and blood supply

Triceps is antagonist of brachialis.

Contraction is brought about by belly and insertion is made to the bone to be moved.

Osteomalacia refers to a marked softening of your bones, most often caused by severe vitamin D deficiency while osteoporosis is caused by estrogen deficiency.

Following tissue bone injury, fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to the site of damage where they deposit new collagen and facilitate the healing process.

Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani and effects skeletal muscles badly.

Applying heat too early may cause additional swelling by increasing blood flow to the ligamentous injury.

The organ is responsible for transferring gametes into female reproductive tract. The pathway of sperm transfer is: Seminiferous tubules (sperm production) → Epididymis→ vas deferens→×→ ejaculatory duct→ urethra

Vas deferens (Sperm duct) is the main duct of male reproductive tract.

Urethra and glands are not involved in sperm storage.

Liquid medium for nourishment and protection of sperms is provided by sertoli (nurse) cells.

Duct system associated with testes is not considered as associated organs.

Sperm fertilizes egg in the proximal part of oviduct where zygote forms which then starts division and is implanted in endometrium where it completes development.

Ovary is not physically connected to oviduct. Movement of oviducts’ fimbriae helps the egg released from ovary to enter oviduct.

The implantation of embryo and further development takes place in womb.

Urethra and vagina are part of female reproductive system only. Male has urinogenital duct.

During menstrual cycle endometrium grows in thickness and starts making proteinaceous secretions for embryo. Follicles inside ovary also mature and start producing estrogen.

Only one follicle among several developing follicles mature under the action of FSH whereas others are degraded by a process called as follicle atresia.

Ovulation normally occurs on 14th day (in the middle) of 28 day menstrual cycle.

Onset of menstrual cycle is called as menarche.

Ovulation in menstrual cycle is followed by secretory or luteal phase.

Progesterone is produced by Corpus luteum which is formed by ruptured follicles after ovulation.

Thickness of endometrium is due to action of hormones i.e. estrogen and progesterone

Causative agent of AIDS is HIV.

Gonorrhea is a Sexually transmitted disease.

Sexual contact is the main transmission source of sexually transmitted diseases.

Gonorrhea effects mucous membranes of genital tract, AIDS effects immune system and syphilis targets multiple areas.

Fertilized eggs known as pre-embryos are transferred back into the uterus. In this, the zygote or early embryos up to 8-cell stage are transferred into the fallopian tube.