LMS

Only 10% occur by terrestrial plants rest occur in oceans lake and ponds

Carotenoids are accessory pigments and do not directly take part in the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll molecule shows two peaks corresponding to absorption of wavelengths. One peak is at 430nm (blue) and second is at 670nm (red).

Hole containing Reaction center chlorophyll of PS-II is strong oxidizing agent and extracts electrons by splitting water in the presence of light with an enzyme (Photolysis).

In light reaction, water breaks during photolysis and releases oxygen is released as by product.

Calvin cycle each time uses 6 NADPH2 and 9 ATPs which results in ATP shortage and NADPH2 accumulation leading to cyclic photophosphorylation.

ETC of PS-II provides electrons to fill the hole in PS-I.

ETC of PS-II contains electron carriers Plastoquinone, cytochrome complex and plastocyanin.

ATP is the source of chemical energy and NADPH provides protons and energized electrons during dark reactions.

Electrons pass through ferredoxin during both non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation.

Chlorophyll molecule after removal of electron has ability to accept electron and becomes oxidizing agent.

During non-cyclic photophosphorylation, NADP+ takes up hydrogen and is converted into NADPH+H

Antenna complex consist of many molecules of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Antenna complex transfers solar energy to reaction centre where it is converted into chemical energy.

6CO2 + 12NADPH + 18ATP + 12H2OGlucose + 12NADP+ + 18ADP + 18Pi + 6H2O

CO2 combines with 5 carbon RuBP to form an unstable 6 Carbon compound that immediately breaks down.

Carbon skeleton of fifteen carbon atoms including five molecules of G3P (3 carbon compound). is recycled to generate three molecule of RuBP (5 carbon compound).

In Calvin cycle, three molecules of CO2 combines with three molecules of ribulose bisphophate in the presence of an enzyme Rubisco. The product of this reaction is six carbon containing compound which is highly unstable and immediately breaks into two molecules of three carbon containing stable compound G3P. 

NADPH provides protons and electrons for the reduction process in dark reaction.

In dark reaction NADPH is oxidized and its protons and electrons are used for the reduction process.

Thylakoids have photosystems where light energy is converted to chemical energy and stroma has rubisco and other enzymes for CO2 reduction.

Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen in cytosol.

The bond between the phosphate groups in ATP is high energy bond that stores 7.3 K cal of energy.

Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation are due to the absence of oxygen, if oxygen is present then the preferable mode is aerobic respiration.

Glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the presence of oxygen.

As the reactants of the photosynthesis are those that are products of respiration and vice versa.Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2ORespiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

During lactic acid fermentation NADH is oxidized to form lactate from pyruvate. Energy is used from NADH as the equation shows.

In first phase of glycolysis glucose splits to form PGAL (G3P) and DAP which is also converted to PGAL (G3P) for use second phase of glycolysis.

As the enzymes for this process is present in the cytoplasm in dissolved form that’s why it essentially occurs in both pro and eukaryotes.

First step of cellular respiration can take place both in the absence or presence of oxygen.

In oxidative phase, 4 ATP molecules, 2 H2O and 2 NADH are formed but 2 ATP are also used in the preparatory phase.

During pyruvic acid oxidation, acetic acid formed from pyruvate is first activated by Coenzyme A for entering in Krebs cycle.

Enzyme responsible for pyruvic acid oxidation is present in mitochondrial matrix 

NAD+ mediated oxidation takes place thrice, resulting in the formation of three NADH.

Pyruvate is converted into activated form due to oxidation, dehydrogenation and decarboxylation ultimately joining with Coenzyme A and no phosphorylation occurs.

During one Krebs cycle, one molecule of GTP is produced which is Similar to ATP and can be easily converted to ATP in the cell.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A.

Pyruvate oxidation generates Acetyl Co-A which enters Krebs cycle.

Final acceptor of electrons in respiratory chain is an atom of oxygen which combines with 2H+ to form water.

Phosphorylation takes place when electrons extracted from NADH move through the respiratory chain.

NADH & FADH2 are oxidized in respiratory chain.

Oxygen extracts electrons from cytochrome a3 and combines with 2H+ to form water in the last step of respiratory chain.

NADPH provides protons and electrons for reduction of 1,3-BPG.

During hard muscular work oxygen is not provided in the required amount so the breakdown of pyruvate proceeds anaerobically.