LMS

Alternative form of a gene is called alleles.

Alleles are partners of a gene pair on homologous chromosomes.

Jumping genes have no fix locus.

Mendel has proved pattern of transfer of traits from one generation to next generation.

G. Mendel chosen P. sativum to perform series of breeding experiments because it was easy to cultivate and grow well in garden. Its flowers are hermaphrodite. It was normally self-pollinating, but could also be cross-fertilized. Mendel could raise many generations within short time because of short generation gap.

Green colored pods and rounded seed are dominant characters while wrinkled seeds, yellow pod color, short stem height, white flower color and terminal flower position are recessive characters of P. sativum.

According to Mendel Particulate hereditary factors responsible to control traits. Johannsen used the term gene.

Dominant and recessive traits exist when a trait has two different forms at the gene level. The trait that first appears or is visibly expressed in the organism is called the dominant trait. The trait that is present at the gene level but is masked and does not show itself in the organism is called the recessive trait.

Green seed color is a recessive trait and is expressed only in homozygous condition.`

In F2 generation of Mendel's dihybrid cross, the total number of genotypes obtain will be 9.

Half of the offspring of two carriers for albinism must be affected. All offspring of an affected individual and normal individual will be carrier.

When the phenotype of a heterozygote is blend between phenotypes of two homozygotes, the phenomenon is incomplete dominance.

When an effect caused by a gene or gene pair at one locus interferes with or hides the effect caused by another gene or gene pair at another locus, such a phenomenon of gene interaction is called epistasis. i.e. Bombay phenotype

Universal recipient is considering the individual having both antigens but no antibodies, so, their antibody doesn’t interact with donor’s antigens.

Blood group ‘O’ is the result of two recessive alleles ‘ii’; one comes from each parent.

If a child has O type of blood group, the genotype of his/her father will never be IAIB and IBIB.

H gene encodes H- substance which is necessary for the production of antigen A or antigen B on the surface of RBC’s.

Genes are linked linearly on the same DNA molecule within a chromosome.

The recombination frequency is directly proportional to the distance between the linked gene loci.

It can be calculated by the using the following formula:Recombination frequency = Recombinant types/Sum of all combination × 100

XXY individual produced through non disjunctional gametes in humans is a sterile male called Klinefelter’s syndrome, but the same XXY set of chromosomes in Drosophila produces a fertile female.

There is an absence of external genitilia of a person suffering from tfm syndrome.

A sex-linked trait is a trait that is controlled by a gene located on the sex chromosomes.Sex influenced traits occur in both males and females but it is more common in one sex.Sex limited traits are the traits that are limited to only one sex due to anatomical differences.

Colour blindness (Red, Green), Haemophilia A:and B are sex linked traits while haemophilia C is autosomal recessive.

Hemophilia C is caused by clotting factor deficiency and its gene is on autosome.

Opsin and rhodopsin has the ability of absorbing light but these are proteins in nature.

A gene cluster is a group of two or more genes found within an organism's DNA.Gene frequency is the ratio of the number of a specified allele in a population to the total of all alleles at its genetic locus.All the genes found in a breeding population at a given time are collectively termed as gene pool.Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduct

Mineralization of bone needs vitamin D to deposit calcium.

It is X linked dominant trait. Presence of a single abnormal allele can cause disease in offspring.

In Creationism, special creation is a theological doctrine which states that the universe and all life in it originated in its present form by unconditional fiat or divine decree.

In the longer term, evolution produces new species through splitting ancestral populations of organisms into new groups that cannot or will not interbreed

According to hydrothermal vent hypothesis, prokaryotic life starts deep in ocean in underwater hot springs called hydrothermal vents.

Darwin and Wallace worked on theory of evolution by natural selection. Aristotle recognized that organisms ranged from relatively simple to very complex structures.

According to Lamarck, organs which are more used, they develop bigger.

Somatic changes due to environmental factors are not due to evolution.

Over production in a population leads to the competition for limited resources intraspecifically as well as interspecifically.

Overproduction in a population leads to the competition for limited resources intra-specifically as well as inter-specifically which leads to evolution through natural selection.

Darwin claimed that there was a continual struggle for existence in nature, in which only the fittest would survive with best genetic makeup.

New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata with a leathery armour shell.

First vertebrates to be evolved were fishes and last to be evolved are birds. Both birds and mammals were evolved from reptiles.

As prokaryotes have arisen more than 3.5 billion years ago and eukaryotic cell appeared about 1.5 billion years ago. So oldest fossils are of prokaryotes

Analogous organs are that organs of different organisms having similar function but different in structures like wings of insects, bats and birds.

Convergent evolution is the process in which organisms which are not closely related , independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments.

Convergent evolution is the process in which organisms which are not closely related, independently evolve similar traits or analogous organs as a result of having to adapt to similar environments.

Homologous organs are functionally different but structurally alike.

Molecular biology is strong evidence in support of evolution as the basis for unity and diversity of life